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Lessons (37)

  • Data Structures for Scale

    Use geospatial indexes and probabilistic structures to make huge queries practical while understanding their error bounds. ![Scale-oriented …

  • Database Internals, Replication and Scaling

    … protect scarce connections](/img/system-design-l6/database-scaling.svg) B-trees favor in-place indexed reads and …

  • Architecture Patterns at Scale

    Choose client-server, microservices, serverless, event-driven or peer-to-peer architecture based on ownership, failure boundaries and …

  • Scaling, Load Balancing & Rate Limiting

    … At 2,000 customers you can either: - Give the barista a faster espresso machine → vertical scaling (scale up …

  • Scaling & Health Probes

    Let Kubernetes heal and scale your app automatically. Liveness, readiness and startup probes, graceful shutdown, the HorizontalPodAutoscaler, cluster …

  • Choosing an Architecture

    … Compare every style in this course on one page, match them to your team, domain and scale, see …

  • Serverless Architecture

    … you write functions, the cloud runs them when an event happens , scales them automatically (even to zero), and …

  • Deployments, ReplicaSets & Rollouts

    … It takes seconds. Scaling manually bash kubectl scale deployment/shop-api --replicas=10 (For automatic scaling based on …

  • SQL vs NoSQL Databases

    … Data that is read together is stored together. Scaling: vertical vs horizontal mermaid flowchart LR subgraph Vertical["SQL …

  • Why Kubernetes?

    … it decides where each container runs, restarts the ones that crash, scales them up and down, and rolls …

  • Debug Latency Like an Investigator

    … Follow percentile shape and trace wait time before scaling blindly. Start with the shape, not a guess If …

  • Monolith vs Microservices

    … And when one module really needs to scale or deploy separately, you can extract it into a service …

  • Design a Polite Web Crawler

    Crawl at scale without revisiting endlessly or overwhelming hosts: normalize, deduplicate and schedule per host. ![Crawler: a URL …

  • System Design Interview Framework

    … clarify requirements, estimate scale, draw the core path, then deep dive into risks and recovery](/img/system-design …

  • Distributed Coordination: Consensus, Heartbeats and Gossip

    … Heartbeat + timeout Suspicion, not certainty Spread membership at scale Gossip Eventual convergence Was data corrupted? Checksum Detect accidental …

  • Caching, Consistent Hashing and Sharding

    … hashing for stable placement, and shards for database scale](/img/system-design-l6/data-distribution.svg) Tool Solves …

  • What Is Software Architecture?

    … great scale, but complex queries and more vendor lock-in text docs/adr/ ├── 0001-record-architecture-decisions.md …

  • REST API Design

    … 2xx success, 4xx client error, 5xx server error. - Paginate lists; prefer cursors at scale. - Idempotency keys make retries …

  • Which Pattern Do I Need?

    … add a pattern when simple code starts to hurt. - Object patterns scale up into system architecture patterns.

  • Premiere-Night Video Streaming

    … edge → regional → origin caches and request collapsing. - Pre-scale entitlement and manifest services. - Use short-lived signed URLs …

  • The L6 System-Design Thinking Loop

    … invariant first, then scale, failure, recovery and blast radius](/img/system-design-l6/design-loop.svg) Five questions …

  • Replication, Partitioning & Sharding

    Scale reads with replicas, split data safely with partitions and shards, and plan for consistency, hot keys and …

  • Kafka vs RabbitMQ & the Kafka Ecosystem

    … Managed services handle brokers, upgrades and scaling: Confluent Cloud , Amazon MSK , Aiven , Redpanda (a Kafka-compatible engine), Azure …

  • CQRS & Event Sourcing

    … search), Redis (fast lookups), a reporting DB Scaling Consistency matters Scale out freely Example: the "My orders" screen …

  • Helm, kubectl Cheat Sheet & Best Practices

    … port-forward svc/shop-api 8080:80 Scale kubectl scale deploy/shop-api --replicas=5 Update image kubectl …

  • Vertical Slice Architecture & the Modular Monolith

    … when a module truly needs independent scaling or deployment, its boundary already exists, so extraction is mostly moving …

  • I — Interface Segregation Principle

    … services The same idea applies at a larger scale: - Backend for Frontend (BFF): a mobile app and a …

  • YAGNI: You Aren't Gonna Need It

    … Cheap options: using an ID type that can scale (UUID) costs nothing now. Key takeaways - Build for today …

  • What Is Apache Kafka?

    … can write to and read from at huge scale. The big picture, the vocabulary, and why so many …

  • Layered (N-Tier) Architecture

    … easy to understand Parts that need to scale or deploy separately Fast start, low ceremony When business logic …

  • Message Queues & RabbitMQ

    … is down, messages wait instead of being lost Scaling Add more consumers to process faster Point-to-point …

  • Docker & Containers

    … When you have dozens of containers across many machines and need auto-restarts, scaling and zero-downtime deploys …

  • Topics, Partitions & Offsets

    … named stream; it's split into partitions for scale and parallelism. - Each partition is an ordered log; records …

  • Consumers & Consumer Groups

    … analytics"] C3[consumer 1] end P0 & P1 -- C1 P2 & P3 -- C2 P0 & P1 & P2 & P3 -.- C3 Scaling a …

  • Microkernel (Plugin) Architecture

    … final HTML The Open/Closed Principle at architecture scale: the core is closed for modification, open for extension …

  • Authentication, Authorization & API Security

    … Instant (delete the session) ❌ Hard until it expires Scaling Needs a shared store (Redis) Any server can verify …

  • Clean Architecture in Depth

    … That's Dependency Inversion (the D in SOLID) at architecture scale. mermaid flowchart LR subgraph Core["Application core …